Thursday 21 November 2013

Basics commands of Unix / Linux

                                           

I will explain all basics of unix /linux here . Firstly basic directories of unix operating system .

** /bin  --> this directory contains all essential files for correct functioning of operating system .all users have permissions of these files .
** /home  in this directory all user's home directory resides . This is very commonly used directory .
** /var this directory contains all variables files like  logs , db directory etc .
** /etc all system configuration files are stored here .
** /dev  additional devices like cd-rom , pendrive , hard disk will found here .
** /sbin binary files , generaly super user uses these files .
** /tmp  all temporary files stay here .

These locations are by default . For our ease we can change them also and we can use it .

Linux is case sensitive .

Permissions :-  
As linux is multi-user operating system . Every file and directory have permissions defined for every user . Every file and directory have their owner . owner is a user . and also a group . group is group of users .

So we have three different type of permissions .
1) permissions given to owner
2) permissions given to group
3) permissions given to all other users .

And every file have three types of permissions
1) read permission -- those users who have read permission can read the file
2) write permission -- those users who have read permission can write into the file
3) execute permission -- user with this permission can execute the file .


Do  ls –l    in any directory
Then you will see something like
-rw-r--r--    1 root   root     13 June  5  11:21 file1
Here following will explain this .
r:readable,  w:writable,  x: executable

we can use two commands  chmod and chown to change permissions and owner of the file respectively .


Now about commands of unix .
One command consists of three parts  i.e command name , options , parameters .
example   # grep -i "abcds" file.txt
here ,
grep --> command name
i --> option
abcds and file.txt  are the parameters of the command .

Options will always start with - mark .


basic commands are :-
command name                     function

ls                                     show files in current position
 cd                                  change directory
 cp                                  copy file or directory
 mv                                 move file or directory
 rm                                 remove file or directory
 pwd                              show current position
 mkdir                           create directory
 rmdir                            remove directory
 less, more, cat          display file contents
 man                              display online manual
su                                   switch user
passwd                        change password
useradd                      create new user account
userdel                        delete user account
mount                         mount file system
umount                       unmount file system
df                                   show disk space usage
shutdown                   reboot or turn off machine
sort                            this command is used to sort 

to understand use of any command use man command
man <comand name >
e.g  man cp  -->> this comand will explain everything about cp


run some commands in your linux/unix machine then you will understand the difference .

ls
ls a
ls la
ls -Fa  
ls  .bash_profile
cp  .bash_profile  sample.txt
less  sample.txt  (note: to quit less, press q)
rm  sample.txt
mkdir linux
pwd
 cd linux
 pwd
 cd
 pwd
rmdir linux
ls  .bash_profile
 cp  .bash_profile  sample.txt
 less  sample.txt  (note: to quit less, press q)
 rm  sample.txt
df
df -k
df -hk

 Paths:-   relative and absolute path
Absolute Path :- 
Absolute pathe is address from root path . like 
/home/linux/
~/linux

Relative path :-
this path is relative to your current path 
. /    your current location
../   one directory above your current location
pwd    it will show you your current directory 

Run following command one-by-one and you will understand 
pwd 
cd .
 pwd
 cd ..
 pwd
 cd ..
 pwd 
 cd 
  mkdir mydir
 pwd 
 cd /Users/invite
 pwd 
 cd /Users
 pwd 
 cd /
 pwd 
 cd /Users/invite
cd ~/mydir 

Redirect, Append and Pipe 
We know output of a command is shown on the screen . i f we want to process the output then we will need some special parts .
Pipe  "|" :-
some commands need input from another command or any file .
"|" pipe will help u in giving output of one command as input to another command 

Append and redirect :-

'>' this sign will redirect output of a command to a file .
         '>>' this sign will append all output to the end of the file.




Please ask in comments if you need any more clearifications .